Logical Operations

Logical operations involve comparing two or more boolean values (True or False) and returning a boolean result. They are fundamental in computer science, mathematics, and digital logic.

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Basic Logical Operators

Operator	Symbol	Description	Example (Python)
AND	and	Returns True if both conditions are True	True and False → False
OR	or	Returns True if at least one condition is True	True or False → True
NOT	not	Negates the boolean value	not True → False

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Truth Tables

AND (and) Truth Table

A	B	A AND B
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

OR (or) Truth Table

A	B	A OR B
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

NOT (not) Truth Table

A	NOT A
True	False
False	True

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Operator Precedence (Priority Order)

1. NOT (not)
2. AND (and)
3. OR (or)

To ensure clarity, use parentheses () to group operations when there are multiple logical expressions.

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Examples in Programming

1. Simple Conditionx = 5 print(x > 3 and x < 10) # True
2. Combining Multiple Conditions age = 20 has_id = True print(age >= 18 and has_id) # True
3. Using NOT is_raining = False print(not is_raining) # True

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Practical Applications

• Decision Making: Conditional statements in programming (if, while).
• Circuit Design: Building logic gates for computers and electronics.
• Data Filtering: Evaluating multiple conditions in databases and spreadsheets.